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| Current Bibliographies in Medicine | |
Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2007-1
Visible Human Project
| Table of Contents Series Note Sample Citations Foreword Introduction Bibliography: References Author Index |
January 1987 through March 2007 May 2007 912 Citations Prepared by U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Library of
Medicine Series NoteEach bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and fulfills a current awareness function. Online databases and the Internet are the primary sources for citations in these bibliographies. Relevance to the subject is the only criterion for inclusion of works in a CBM; the format, ownership, or location of the material are not considered. Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: PubMed, LocatorPlus, and the NLM GatewayThe Library offers three interfaces to its databases; all are available on the World Wide Web. PubMed provides access primarily to the journal literature; LocatorPlus is an online catalog of the books, journal titles, and audiovisuals held by the Library; and the NLM Gateway serves as an entry point for a variety of databases and other Library products. Further information on PubMed, LocatorPlus, and the NLM Gateway may be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/. Sample CitationsCitations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus™*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. An availability statement follows many journal article citations. This statement contains an Internet hyperlink to the citation in the NLM PubMed retrieval system. The PubMed record includes an abstract for most articles and may also provide a link to the publisher's Internet site. Journal Article:
Shelton D, Stetten G, Aylward S, Ibanez L, Cois A, Stewart C. Teaching medical image analysis with the Insight Toolkit. Med Image Anal. 2005 Dec;9(6):605-11. Available from: PubMed; PMID 15948658 Monograph:Rifkin BA, Ackerman MJ, Folkenberg J. Human anatomy: depicting the body from the Renaissance to today. New York: Abrams; 2006. 343 p. * For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers, 2nd ed., 2007. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine |
Foreword
The Visible Human Project was formulated in response to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) 1986 Long-Range Plan that challenged NLM staff to investigate the concept of an electronic image library. The Visible Human Data Sets are complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional data sets which allow the computer reconstruction of any part of the normal male and female bodies. The data sets consist of transverse CT, MRI, and cryosection images.
The Visible Human Data Sets may be used without charge, but a license with the NLM is required. In return for use of the data sets, the user must credit the NLM in any derived product and must send a copy of the product to the NLM. Many data set users display their products and research on their Web sites and have notified the Library of their availability. The NLM has created links to these user sites from its own Visible Human Project Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html. This provides an access point to applications, sources, products, tools, and mirror sites using images from the Visible Human Project. The Visible Human Project has become an open, community-based project. It is in this spirit that NLM created this Visible Human Project bibliography.
This bibliography includes and updates a previous edition made available in conjunction with the Third Visible Human Conference held in October 2000. It contains citations to the published literature that we have been able to identify through March 2007. Additionally, it includes citations from the Insight Toolkit (ITK), an open source, freely available, object-oriented software package for medical image processing, segmentation, and registration.
Conceived by the NLM and under its leadership, ITK was developed by a world-wide consortium of academic and industry partners to facilitate analysis of the Visible Human Project data sets. Methods in the toolkit are being applied to a wide variety of clinic data such as CT, MRI, ultrasound, PET, fluoroscopy, microscopy and other non-medical and industrial applications. These derivative applications are also included in this bibliography. This project was made possible by funding from NLM, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Science Foundation, National Cancer Institute, and the Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center. Omissions and corrections as well as notification of new Visible Human Project related publications would be appreciated.
We would like to thank the over 2,500 Visible Human Data Set license holders in 42 countries who have added to the success of this Project. We would also like to thank our world-wide consortium of academic and industry partners who have contributed to the ongoing development and success of the Insight Toolkit (ITK).
Michael J. Ackerman, Ph.D.
Visible Human Project
Project Officer
Terry S. Yoo, Ph.D.
Insight Toolkit (ITK)
Project Officer
April 20, 2007
Introduction
The Visible Human Project has its roots in a 1986 long-range planning effort of the National Library of Medicine (NLM). It foresaw a coming era where NLM bibliographic and factual database services would be complemented by libraries of digital images, distributed over high speed computer networks and by high capacity physical media. Not surprisingly, it saw an increasing role for electronically represented images in clinical medicine and biomedical research. It encouraged the NLM to consider building and disseminating medical image libraries much the same way it acquires, indexes, and provides access to the biomedical literature. Early in 1989 under the direction of the Board of Regents, an ad hoc planning panel was convened and made the following recommendation: "NLM should undertake a first project building a digital image library of volumetric data representing a complete, normal adult male and female. This Visible Human Project will include digitized photographic images for cryosectioning, digital images derived from computerized tomography and digital magnetic resonance images of cadavers."
The initial aim of the Visible Human Project was to acquire transverse CT, MRI, and cryosection images of a representative male and female cadaver at an average of one millimeter intervals. The Visible Human Male data set consists of MRI, CT, and anatomical images. Axial MRI images of the head and neck and longitudinal sections of the rest of the body were obtained at 4 mm intervals. The CT data consists of axial CT scans of the entire body taken at 1 mm intervals. The anatomical cross-sections are at 1 mm intervals to coincide with the CT axial images. There are 1871 cross-sections for each mode. The complete male data set, 15 gigabytes in size, was made available in November 1994. In August 2000 higher resolution axial anatomical images from the male data set were made available.
The Visible Human Female data set, released in November 1995, has the same characteristics as The Visible Human Male with one exception. Its axial anatomical images were obtained at 0.33 mm intervals instead of 1.0 mm intervals. This resulted in 5,189 anatomical images and a data set of about 40 gigabytes. For more information on the Visible Human Project, see the Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/.
This bibliography includes and updates a previous edition made available in conjunction with the Third Visible Human Conference held in October 2000. It contains citations to the published literature that we have been able to identify through March 2007. Additionally, it includes citations from the Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK), an open source, freely available, object-oriented software package for medical image processing, segmentation, and registration. Funded by the National Library of Medicine, ITK was developed by a world-wide consortium of academic and industry partners to facilitate analysis of the Visible Human data sets. Methods in the toolkit are applicable to a wide variety of clinic data such as CT, MRI, ultrasound, PET, fluoroscopy, microscopy and other non-medical and industrial applications. These derivative applications are also included in this bibliography. ITK was released for world-wide distribution in October 2002. Omissions and corrections as well as notification of new Visible Human Project related publications would be appreciated.
This bibliography contains citations to journal articles, books and book chapters, conference papers and meeting abstracts, and audiovisuals located from a search of a variety of online databases as well as the Internet. The arrangement of the bibliography is alphabetical by first author. An Author Index provides access to the publications of all authors by citation numbers.
The compilers wish to thank the staff of the Visible Human Project office for their very valuable assistance.
This publication is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced. However any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, should include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:
Burke, Cynthia; Patrias, Karen, compilers. Visible Human Project [bibliography on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 May [cited YYYY MMM DD]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; 2007-1). 912 citations from January 1987 through March 2007. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/visiblehuman2007.html
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